STAT3 and Cerebral atrophy: Patients suffering from severe HHcy manifest typical clinical cardiovascular symptoms as well as neurological disorders, such as cerebral atrophy, dementia and seizures [38] while STAT3 overactivation in microglial cells plays an important role in Hcy-induced microglia activation and inflammatory response, both in the brain cortex and the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus, following ischemic injury [38].