CD4 and neoplasm: This analysis demonstrated that the addition of αCSF-1R both before and after the GVAX vaccination not only induced greater numbers of PD-1+ CD4+ or CD8+ tumor infiltrating T-cells in the “GVAX + αPD-1 + Pre/Post-αCSF-1R” group (Additional file 1: Figure S1A-D), but also increased the number and percentage of PD-1 + CD137+ T-cells (Fig. 3a-f, Additional file 2: Figure S2D).