STAT3 and chronic kidney disease: This study found that (i) the level of phosphorylated STAT3 was significantly increased by ischaemic preconditioning both in the CKD and controls, (ii) the level of STAT3 expression was not different in response to CKD or ischaemic preconditioning, and (iii) the activation of STAT3 was significantly increased due to ischaemic preconditioning in both the CKD and control animals [99] (Table 10).