UCP3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In rat models of DIO, UR administration has been reported to ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammatory hyperalgesia by activating the PPAR-α pathway [10,11], and prevent obesity and IR by increasing FFA burning through enhancing skeletal muscle FFA uptake and β-oxidation via an uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3)/AMPK-dependent pathway [12].