TNF and stroke disorder: Although studies on ischemic pre-conditioning in stroke models have given new insights into the pathogenesis of stroke, involving a plethora of signaling molecules such as the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) (Gidday, 2006; Garcia-Bonilla et al., 2014), ischemic pre-conditioning is irrelevant from a therapeutic point of view.