EPCAM and neoplasm: Possible targeted therapies include antibodies to inactivate EpCAM proteins [44, 45], toxin-conjugated anti-EpCAM antibodies [46], immunotherapy [47], RNAi gene therapies that interfere EpCAM genes [48] as well as EpCAM-conjugated RNA aptamer [49] that can target EpCAM-positive tumour cells with superior affinity and specificity.