PPARA and colitis: In addition to the effect of 2AG on colitis, intraperitoneal AEA improves TNBS colitis.83 More evidence exists for the role of PEA in colitis, possible acting by inhibiting the induction of angiogenesis that is usually seen in chemical colitis.84 Intraperitoneal injection of PEA is beneficial in both established chemical colitis and when administered prophylactically.85 The effects are dose-dependent and require PPARα but not PPARγ.86 This study demonstrated a reduction in TLR4 and S100B expression on enteric glial cells and a reduction in MAPK signalling, as potential mechanisms of action.