Potential diagnostic biomarkers include the recurrent deleterious tumor-specific genetic variants which were only found in the study cohort but absent in the normal controls, among which 15 genetic variants were identified with significant differences in mutation rates between the histotype groups, e.g. frameshift insertion in OSTM1 (higher mutation rates in MC compared with the other histotype groups), frameshift deletion in BECN1 (lower mutation rates in CCC compared with the other histotype groups), and absence of the frameshift insertion in SEMA4D in MC. Here, BECN1 is linked to neoplasm.