KRAS and carcinoma: In our previous study using the JFCR39 carcinoma cell line panel, gain of function mutations of the KRAS or BRAF genes and overexpression of IGF1R were found to be negative predictors whereas high expression of phosphorylated AKT was observed to be a positive predictor for ZSTK474 efficacy [40]; however, neither gain of function mutations of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF nor overexpression of IGFR/phosphorylated AKT displayed any significant correlation with ZSTK474 efficacy in the sarcoma panel assessed here.