Although conditions in vitro may be carefully controlled, monocytes recruited from the blood in vivo are likely to be exposed to both M-CSF and GM-CSF during renal inflammation (Matsuda et al., 1996), as many renal cells may produce M-CSF (Isbel et al., 2001a; Isbel et al., 2001b) and GM-CSF (Greiber et al., 2002; Dudas et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and inflammation.