HIF1A and epilepsy: In our current study, further inhibition of DAPK expression (Fig. 4) was found to regulate and decrease the expression of p-DAPK, HIF-1α, and VEGF in both human EPI-ECs/EPI-astro cells obtained from drug-resistant epilepsy, implying a link between DAPK activation, HIF-1α, and VEGF expression.