For example, Coelho et al. found that oncogenic RAS can drive tumour cell-intrinsic upregulation of the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1).30 By binding to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expressed on activated T cells, PD-L1 suppresses the effector activity of T cells that might otherwise confer cytotoxicity. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.