,33,34 which can prompt rapid angiogenesis but often results in the formation of aberrant vasculature.35 Several studies have shown that tumour-associated endothelial cells often express low levels of leucocyte adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM1 and VCAM1) and T cell-recruiting chemokines, thereby impeding the recruitment of anti-tumour immune cells.36–39 Furthermore, the tumour blood vessels are tortuous, leaky and with reduced pericyte coverage, which might present mechanical barriers to infiltration by T cells.40 Here, VCAM1 is linked to neoplasm.