IL21 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: In a dose-escalation phase I trial, there were pharmacodynamic effects of anti-tumour immunity upregulation, and 3 out of 26 patients experienced objective partial responses.59 In non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients, recombinant IL-21 has been tested in combination with rituximab, achieving clinical responses in 8 out of 19 patients.60 There is also interest in using IL-21 to potentiate adoptive T cell therapy.61 However, the clinical development of this cytokine is still in its infancy and progress is likely to occur in the form of combinations.