In a dose-escalation phase I trial, there were pharmacodynamic effects of anti-tumour immunity upregulation, and 3 out of 26 patients experienced objective partial responses.59 In non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients, recombinant IL-21 has been tested in combination with rituximab, achieving clinical responses in 8 out of 19 patients.60 There is also interest in using IL-21 to potentiate adoptive T cell therapy.61 However, the clinical development of this cytokine is still in its infancy and progress is likely to occur in the form of combinations. This evidence concerns the gene IL21 and neoplasm.