PDCD1 and neoplasm: In line with this, combining the local delivery of IL-12 with the blockade of PD-1–PD-L1 has been shown to eradicate large established tumours in preclinical models.81 An in vivo electroporation approach is currently undergoing clinical trials for local delivery of IL-12 as a single agent (NCT01579318, NCT00323206, NCT01502293 and NCT02345330)87 and in combination with pembrolizumab (NTC02493361 and NTC03132675).