MTOR and Focal cortical dysplasia: There is rising interest in the role of genetic diagnostics during presurgical evaluation.47 The genetic epilepsies are heterogeneous and for some (e.g., focal cortical dysplasia due to mutations in MTOR pathway genes), surgery may be appropriate, while for other genetic conditions surgery may not be effective.47 It is therefore desirable that each causation is considered gene by gene in a multidisciplinary team, with, wherever possible, decisions based on understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease.