NFKB1 and renal fibrosis: Adenoviral vectors designed for expression of I-kappa-B-alpha (IκB-α), which is an inhibitor of NF-κB, were found to inhibit NF-κB activation by over-expression of IκB-α in the renal cortex and ameliorate tubulointerstitial injury characterized by fibrosis and infiltration of mononuclear cells in a rat model of renal fibrosis [39].