Another study reported that adenoviral vectors designed for expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 attenuated TGF-β1-induced Smad3 phosphorylation, and reduced expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I in the kidney of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice produced by unilateral ureteral ligation, which is a representative animal model of renal fibrosis [36,57]. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and renal fibrosis.