IFNG and clostridium difficile infection: Abt et al. (2015) have recently demonstrated that recovery from acute CDI is independent of adaptive T cell responses, while IFNγ-secreting ILC1 and to a far lesser extent IL22-producing ILC3 were clearly proven to confer protection against acute CDI in mice. IFNγ released by ILC1 and probably other innate lymphocytes may contribute to enhanced clearance of bacteria from the lamina propria, thus preventing systemic pathogen spreading. Interestingly, in addition to ILCs other innate-like T cells have been shown to play beneficial roles in CDI (Rampuria et al., 2015).