HMGB1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: T1D is also an autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of the insulin secreting β-cells, previous study has shown that HMGB1 seems to be involved in T1D pathogenesis and it can act as a potent innate alarmin to mediate the initiation and progression during T1D development in NOD mice, a model of spontaneous T1D (11).