IPA causal network analysis, after restriction to candidate regulators which by themselves differentially expressed between C-ECM-up top and bottom quartiles, identified TGF-β as one of the most activated regulators (Supplementary Figure 3E) and upstream regulatory analysis further identified multiple SMAD transcription factors, AP1 complex members that associate with SMADs28 and SMARCA429 (Supplementary Figure 3F, Supplementary Data 3), all critical for TGF-β transcriptional responses as activated in c-ECM-up-high cancers. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.