Moreover, recent studies using genetically reconstituted murine colorectal cancers43, and those based on transcriptional analyses of bladder cancers treated with PD-L1 blockade7, have arrived at similar conclusions and have demonstrated that TGF-β blockade can markedly potentiate antitumour immunity by modulating CAF-mediated T cell-exclusion phenotypes. Here, TGFB1 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.