The results also showed that the percentage of total CD8+ cells increased and the more severely exhausted PD1+CTLA-4+CD8+, PD1+Tim-3+CD8+, PD1+TIGIT+CD8+, and PD1+LAG-3+CD8+ T cells in the tumour infiltrating CD8+ T-cell population decreased after vvDD-IL-2-RG treatment (Fig. 3c–f and Supplementary Fig. 11a). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.