VEGFA and neoplasm: The data showed that there were significantly more IFN-γ, Granzyme B, perforin, Th1-type chemokine CXCL9, and less TGF-β and angiogenesis markers (CD105 and VEGF) in tumours receiving vvDD-IL-2-RG treatment, compared with other virus treatments (Fig. 3j–p).