CSF2 and myeloid sarcoma: Both TNF-α and IL-1β triggered a strong inflammatory phenotype in astrocytes although IL-1β was a more potent activator than TNF-α, leading to pan-activation of astrocytes, characterized by large amounts of IL-6 (mean = 1,301.8 pg/mL) and GM-CSF (mean = 214.4 pg/mL), associated with significant production of TNF-α (mean = 16.1 pg/mL) and IL-23 (mean = 15.4 pg/mL) as well as secretion of some cytokines protective in MS, type I interferons (IFN-β mean = 56.8 pg/mL and IFN-α mean = 17.4 pg/mL).