However, although anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 therapies have shown unprecedented durable responses in some NSCLC patients, emerging data from clinical trials with anti-PD therapy also revealed that only about 15–25% of NSCLC patients responded to immune checkpoint blockage therapy [3–5, 7], and most had primary resistance. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.