CX3CR1 and Hematuria: Cox et al. demonstrated that antigenic stimuli enhance CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) expression on circulating blood cytotoxic effector cells (Tc and γδ T cells) of IgAN patients, which promotes glomerular transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and leads to a break in the continuity of the glomerular capillary wall, and subsequently to hematuria (Fig. 2b) [80].