Other genes that are significantly regulated in CD mucosa compared to non-IBD controls (data not show) such as IL23R, CSF2, CXCL1, CXCL8, IFNG, S100A8, IL6, IL10, and DEFA5 were also significantly changed by BI119 in ileal CD, whereas the effect on colonic biopsies did not reach statistical significance in most cases. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is Cowden disease.