Other genes that are significantly regulated in CD mucosa compared to non-IBD controls (data not show) such as IL23R, CSF2, CXCL1, CXCL8, IFNG, S100A8, IL6, IL10, and DEFA5 were also significantly changed by BI119 in ileal CD, whereas the effect on colonic biopsies did not reach statistical significance in most cases. Here, IL6 is linked to Cowden disease.