INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Our previous studies have also indicated that BBR can stimulate insulin secretion and modulate lipids in impaired glucose tolerance rats (Leng et al., 2004), reverse free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Yi et al., 2008), even attenuate intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction and immune barrier damages in type 2 diabetic rats (Gong et al., 2017).