The GB extract can also upregulate two mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes, subunit III of cytochrome-c oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 1 (ND1), indicating a fundamental mechanism that may underlie bilobalide-induced neuroprotection and its role in cognitive impairment (DeFeudis, 2002). Here, MT-ND1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.