CSF2 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: A sex difference in the tongue tissue of mice with 4NQO-induced oral SCC compared to vehicle-treated mice was also found in the protein concentration of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a prominent cytokine secreted at high concentration by oral cancer (Scheff et al., 2017) and responsible for circulating neutrophil recruitment (Shi et al., 2006).