LCN2 and bacterial urinary tract infection: The inverse regulation of Lcn2-R and Lcn2 by Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be relevant to prevent cell damage and death by Lcn2 in a hyperosmotic environment and may be reversed during tubulo-interstitial diseases involving inflammation, e.g during UTI, where a normosmotic environment may more efficiently combat against bacterial infections (see Fig. 7c and below).