LCN2 and bacterial infectious disease: In summary, Lcn2-R up- and Lcn2 downregulation via Wnt/β-catenin may promote adaptive survival of IMCD cells in response to hyperosmolarity whereas Lcn2 up- and Lcn2-R downregulation via LPS/TLR-4 and/or normosmolarity may protect IMCD cells against bacterial infections and prevent autocrine death induction by secreted (apo-)Lcn2.