LDHA and breast carcinoma: In breast cancer cell lines, GF inhibits cancer cell proliferation by blocking glycolysis and ATP production, and induces apoptosis.123 GF inhibits aerobic glycolysis and trigger cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line PLC/PRF/5.122 GF is less cytotoxic to normal cells such as human lymphocytes and lymphoblasts.123 A recent study found that GF interferes with LDHA/ssDNA interactions and blocks RNA synthesis in vitro, suggesting the complicated mechanism underlying its toxicity to malignant cells.124