LDHA and cancer: Shime et al showed that lactic acid promoted the expression and secretion of interleukin‐23 (IL‐23), which impeded infiltration of CD8+ T cells in tumor microenvironment.90, 91 Colegio et al showed that lactic acid upregulated HIF‐1α to facilitate the development of M2‐like macrophages, a subset of macrophages known to promote cancer progression.92, 93 Besides, MDSCs could prohibit function of T cells and NK cells to suppress immune response.94 LDHA‐induced lactate accumulation could also increase the number of MDSCs in immune escape of tumors.85