LDHA and breast carcinoma: LDHA knockdown increased poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and decreased X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), and Bcl‐XL expression, leading to decreased the tumorigenicity of a pancreatic cell line, BxPC‐3, in a xenograft model.59 In xenografts of breast cancer cell lines, LDHA knockout was also found to have elevated the levels of Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax), cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase‐9, cytoplasmic cytochrome C, and superoxide anion, while Bcl‐2 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced.60