Along these lines, when challenged with TNFα, human immortalized kidney podocyte cells recombinantly expressing the human ubiquitin-binding deficient homologue mutant [D472N] but not human wildtype TNIP1 [98] have increased expression of numerous chemokine genes echoing increased NF-κB-regulated inflammatory signaling in SLE and glomerulonephritis patient kidney samples. Here, TNIP1 is linked to glomerulonephritis.