CASP3 and Parkinson disease: In an LPS-induced PD model, curcumin inhibits astrocyte activation and NADPH oxidase complex activation by downregulating NF-κB activity, intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3, and caspase 9), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-1α), and inducible NOS [79].