TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Our results showed the same trend in the above mentioned studies, 36 CS exposure increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TGF-β, and TNF-α level in CS induced COPD rat model, and baicalin reduced proinflammatory mediators and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine level, IL-10, both in blood serum, BALF, and lung tissue.