TNF and Parkinson disease: The importance of TNFα-induced signaling in the pathogenesis of PD is corroborated in multiple animal models of PD including Parkinsonian syndrome induced by the neurotoxins MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and rotenone, which simulate the TNFα-signaling seen clinically in patients with PD123–125.