NFKB1 and infection: Future studies should consider directly measuring markers of oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxides [211], Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-OH d guanine [212], and protein carbonyls, since oxidative stress from infections and environmental chemicals has been shown to activate multiple signaling pathways, including NFK-B, leading to elevated cytokine production and inflammation [213].