In addition, MPC1 is downregulated in a variety of tumor cell lines and solid tumors, including those of the bladder, breast, brain and central nervous system, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer (Hong et al., 2007; Schell et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene MPC1 and kidney cancer.