PTEN and cancer: This is in stark contrast to the increase in biomarker-driven trials in other cancers, where biomarkers such as loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), PIK3CA mutation or Akt amplification/mutation are increasingly used to stratify patients for treatment with PI3K pathway inhibitors.57 Further to this goal, the subtyping approaches described above may also provide novel clinically actionable biomarkers or GPs to allow patient-selective assessment of PI3K pathway inhibitors to push PDAC survival beyond the current standard of care.