confirmed that activated GSK‐3β acts as an important mediator in the inhibition of CCA cells based on experimental studies.14 In addition, a number of chemicals were found to have anti‐CCA effects via suppressing the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway, indirectly confirming the role of this pathway in tumourigenesis of CCA.9, 15 Another crucial signalling pathway contributing to CCA is nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling pathway. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cholangiocarcinoma.