Highly phosphorylated circulating levels of IGFBP-1 are closely correlated with macrovascular disease and hypertension in T2DM, whereas lesser phosphorylated IGFBP-1 isoforms are associated with glycemic control, suggesting a dual role for IGFBP-1 in the regulation of IGF actions in T2DM [53]. Here, IGF1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.