In addition, enhanced immunoreactivity of HAI-1/SPINT1 occurs in the gastrointestinal epithelium at the edge of ulcers [40], periportal hepatocytes of advanced primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), fulminant hepatitis [38] and also in the interlobular biliary epithelium of PBC patients [58]. Here, SPINT1 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.