PILRA and infection: No notable cytopathic effects were observed in the first 6 h of infection, however at 18 hours post infection, extensive cytopathy was detected in G78/G78 PILRA-expressing hMDMs, including loss of cell shape, increased cell volume, birefringence, and formation of both cell aggregates and multinucleated giant cells (syncytia) (Fig 4A and S7 Fig).