It should be also mentioned that stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) recognized by TLRs (Figure 1) can lead to uncontrollable proinflammatory cytokines production, which can result in CVD.28,29 In addition, this permits LPS leakage into the circulation activating systemic inflammation cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production.30 Immunological and inflammatory processes probably play an important role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis and progression. Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.