Although the potential involvement of PINK1-PARK2-independent mitophagy remains to be elucidated, PINK1-PARK2 pathway-mediated mitophagy has been widely implicated in COPD and IPF pathogenesis through regulating cell fate, including programmed cell death, cellular senescence, and myofibroblast differentiation [14, 54]. Here, PRKN is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.