CDKN1A and prostate carcinoma: In prostate cancer cells, the apoptotic effect of melatonin (0–3 mM) has also been observed, and the molecular mechanism does not differ much from those described in breast and ovary cancers: increased expression of p53, p27, and p21, fragmentation of PARP and activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9 [84, 151].