In fact, among others, a phase 3 clinical trial, evaluating the Nrf2-pathway activator Bardoxolone methyl, in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease, has been interrupted as it did not reduce the risk of end-stage renal disease/death from cardiovascular causes (de Zeeuw et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and chronic kidney disease.