Importantly, TgF344-AD rats were developed by injecting rat pronuclei with the “Swedish” mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) and Δexon9 mutant human presenilin-1 (PS1 ΔE9)15, and display characteristic plaque formation, endogenous tangle pathogenesis, as well as neuroinflammation, neurovascular dysfunction and cell loss15,16. Here, PSEN1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.