ATF3 and cancer: In addition to the cytokine signalling-relevant genes, many genes like XAF, ATF3, PMAIP1 (NOXA), AXUD1 and CDKN2C that have been liked to anticancer activity26–31 were significantly upregulated in the NGLY1-knockdown cells, while genes like FABP7, CRYAB and GAPDHS that have been associated with the survival, proliferation and invasiveness of cancer cells or with a poor prognosis in melanoma patients32–34 were significantly downregulated (Supplementary Table S5).