Results from the multivariable models confirmed decreased levels of cytokines in unstimulated samples from infants prenatally exposed to malaria compared to the non-exposed control group: lower cytokine responses were found in past PM exposed group (20 cytokines from all the functional classes analyzed), chronic PM (10 cytokines from all the functional classes, except proinflammatory cytokines), acute PM (IL-7 only), and for peripheral infections during pregnancy (IL-7, IL-15, IL-13, IL-17, HGF, VEGF). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is malaria.