TNF and cancer: The mechanism(s) by which chronic inflammation promotes these diseases, especially cancer, is through the continuous production of cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and C–X–C chemokine receptor type 4, through the constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is a pro-inflammatory transcription factor [40,41].