MAPK1 and colorectal cancer: In colorectal cancer, activation of p38 by mutated KRAS has been implicated in the maintenance of cell proliferation due to inhibition of MEK [34], suggesting that C19 inhibits the activation of KRAS4b thus leading to the inhibition of activation of its multiple effectors involved in oncogenic signaling such as proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways (Fig. 8).