The result showed that Cxcl9, Cxcl10, and Cxcl11 were all top differentially expressed; of importance, Nef increased CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, mRNA levels in human astrocytes, which suggests an important role in HAND pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene S100B and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.