AR and neoplasm: Upon stimulation with androgens, the AR dissociates from its molecular chaperones and translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to thousands of sites throughout the human genome to regulate transcription of directly responsive genes, including pro-mitotic genes involved in tumor cell proliferation (Fig. 1A) (Brinkmann et al. 1999, Itkonen & Mills 2012, Mills 2014).